A SHORT HISTORY OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
Stes de
Necker
The
medieval Knights Templar, best known to us today as the famed warriors of the
Crusades, were a devout military religious Order that uniquely combined the
roles of knight and monk in a way the Western medieval world had never seen
before.
Originally
they were known as the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or,
more simply, as the Knights Templar.
In
a famous letter written in the 1130s, In Praise of the New Knighthood, St
Bernard of Clairvaux elevated the Templar Order above all other Orders of the
day, establishing the image of the Templars as a fierce spiritual militia for
Christ. He regarded them as a “new species of knighthood, previously unknown in
the secular world…” To him, they were a unique combination of knight and monk;
to later historians, they were the first military order, soon imitated by the
Knights Hospitaller, by several Spanish orders and, by the end of the 12th
century, by the Teutonic Knights.
As
a holy militia fighting for Christ, the Templars were willing to put aside the
usual temptations of ordinary secular life for an arduous, dedicated life of
service. Ever since then, the legacy of the Templars has been, first and
foremost, the concept of service.
The
Templars officially originated in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1118 A.D.,
when nine knights, mainly French, vowed to protect pilgrims on the dangerous
roads leading to Jerusalem.
These
courageous knights gained the favor of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem who granted
them part of his palace for their headquarters, which was located in the
southeastern part of the Temple Mount, called “Solomon’s Temple”.
Encouraged
by King Baldwin II and Warmund of Picquigny, Patriarch of Jerusalem, they were
generally seen as complementary to the Hospitallers (recognized as an Order of
the Church by the papacy in 1113, but not militarized until the 1130s), who
cared for sick and weary pilgrims in their convent in Jerusalem. The Templars’
services were welcomed and greatly appreciated.
But
it is important to realize that at this early juncture when they were based at
the Temple Mount area, the Templars were not yet an official monastic Order—the
protagonists were seculars imbued with a desire to fulfill the biblical
injunction to love thy neighbour, but they were not yet a monastic Order.
During the first nine years of the Order (1119-28), contrary to assumptions
often made today, the Templars would not have been wearing their trademark
white mantles, as they began wearing them after the church Council of Troyes in
1129 when they were given a religious Rule and a white mantle.
The
famous red cross on their mantle was added later when Pope Eugenius III (1145-53)
allowed them to wear it as a symbol of Christian martyrdom.
With
only nine knights at their inception, scholars acknowledge that it seems as
though no major efforts were made to recruit any new members until around 1128,
when most of the original knights had returned to France and the Council of
Troyes began (Jan. 1129) and they became officially recognized by the papacy.
By the 1170s, there were about 300 knights based in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
itself and more in other areas., and by the 1180s, there were at least 600
knights in Jerusalem alone. After 1129, the Order grew exponentially with many
thousands of knights and it then became increasingly powerful.
At
the Council of Troyes in Champagne, the status of the Templar Order underwent a
dramatic change.Thanks to the significant contribution of Bernard of Clairvaux,
the knights were then officially accepted by Matthew of Albano, the papal
legate. This recognition was quite extraordinary for the times, as for such a
tiny Order of only nine men to get this type of recognition was rather unusual,
as many other Orders of the day had to wait much longer to achieve a similar
status.
At
the Council of Troyes, the Templars were given a proper Rule, written in Latin,
which ran to 72 clauses. The impetus given by papal approval and the
extraordinary publicity generated by the visits of the leaders to France,
England and Scotland in the months before the council ensured that the “New
Knighthood” would long outlive its founders.
Papal
recognition at Troyes was followed by the issue of three key bulls, which
established the Temple as a privileged Order under Rome.
Omne
Datum Optimum (1139) consolidated the Order’s growing material base by allowing
spoils taken in battle to be retained for the furtherance of the holy war,
placing donations directly under papal protection, and granting exemption from
payment of tithes. It also strengthened the structure of the Order by making
all members answerable to the Master and by adding a new class of Templar
priests to the existing organization of knights and sergeants.
The
Templars could now possess their own oratories, where they could hear divine
office and bury their dead. Milites Templi (1144) ordered the clergy to protect
the Templars and encouraged the faithful to contribute to their cause, while at
the same time allowing the Templars to make their own collections once a year,
even in areas under interdict.
Milita
Dei (1145) consolidated the Order’s independence of the local clerical
hierarchy by giving the Templars the right to take tithes and burial fees and
to bury their dead in their own cemeteries.
As
these privileges indicate, during the 1130s, the fledging Order had attracted
increasing numbers of major donors, for it proved to be especially popular with
that sector of the French aristocracy which held castles and estates and could
mobilize vassals, albeit on a modest scale. In fact, the scale of this sudden,
unprecented rise was extraordinary, something hardly seen before or since. The
rulers of Aragon and Portugal, confronted directly with the problems of warfare
on a volatile frontier, realized their military value more quickly than most
others.
The
Templars began to accumulate a substantial landed base in the West, not only in
Francia,
Provence, Iberia and England, where they were first known, but also in
Italy, Germany and Dalmatia and, with the Latin conquests of Cyprus from 1191
and of the Morea from 1204, in those regions as well. By the late 13th century
they may have had as many as 870 castles, preceptories and subsidiary houses
spread across Latin Christendom. During the 12th and 13th centuries these
properties were built into a network of support which provided men, horses,
money and supplies for the Templars in the East.
The
development of a role as bankers arose out of these circumstances, for they
were well placed to offer credit and change specie through their holdings in
both east and west. It was a short step to move into more general finance,
unconnected to crusading activity by the 1290s their house in Paris could offer
a deposit bank with a cash desk open on a daily basis and specialist
accountancy services of great value to contemporary secular administrations.
Thus, the Templars became the bankers to nobles, kings, and Popes as well as to
pilgrims on their way to and from Jerusalem and other holy sites.
Our
familiar “traveller’s check” today is a modern-day example of using a ‘letter
of credit’ –just as the Templars did in the 12th century, in medieval times.
The
Templar structure was cemented by effective communications including its own
Mediterranean shipping. They had many galleys and like the Hospitallers, took
part in naval warfare at times, too. They even had their own Admiral by 1301.
Together
with the Hospitallers, the Knights Templar became the permanent defenders of
the Latin settlements of the East, increasingly entrusted with key castles and
fiefs.
By
the 1180s, there were approximately 600 knights in Jerusalem, Tripoli and
Antioch, and perhaps three times that number of sergeants. No major battle took
place without their participation.
In
the 13th century, the Order was the only institution capable of building great
castles like Athlit (Pilgrims’ Castle) (1217-21) on the coast to the south of
Haifa and Safed (early 1240s) dominating the Galilean Hills. Such military and
financial power, together with the extensive papal privileges, gave them
immense influence in the Latin East and, at times, led to conflict with other
institutions.
The
Latin Rule of 1129, which had been influenced by a monastic establishment with
little
experience of practical crusading, soon proved inadequate for such an
expanding organization. New sections, written in French, were added, first in
the 1160s, when 202 clauses definted the hierarchy of the Order and laid down
its military functions and then, within the next twenty years, a futher 107
clauses on the discipline of the convent and 158 clauses on the holding of
chapters and the penance system. Between 1257 and 1267, 113 clauses set out
case histories which could be used as precedents in the administration of
penances’.
The
existence of a version of the Rule in Catalan, dating from after 1268, shows
that efforts were made to ensure that its contents were widely understood
within the Order. Although the Order never underwent a thorough internal
reform, these developments indicate that the Templars were not oblivious to the
need to maintain standards.
The
Templar Order’s administration was structured hierarchically. The Grand Master
was based at the Order’s headquarters in the Holy Land, along with the other
major officers, each of whom had their own staff. The Seneschal was the Grand
Master’s deputy; in ceremonies he carried the famed beauseant, the Templars’
black-and-white banner. Like the Grand Master, the Seneschal had his own staff
and horses. The Marshal was the chief military officer, responsible for the
individual commanders and the horses, arms, equipment and anything else
involving military operations. He also had authority in obtaining and ordering
supplies, which was critically important at the time of the Crusades.
The
Commander of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was the treasurer of the Order and was in
charge of the strong room. He shared power with the Grand Master in a way that
prevented either from having too much control over funds. The Draper issued
clothes and bed linen and could distribute gifts made to the order. He was not
only keeper of the famed white mantles but also ensured that every brother was
dressed appropriately. These four, along with the Grand Master, were the major officers
of the Order, although there seems to have been some local variation where
needed.
Under
these main officers were other Templar commanders with specific regional
responsibilities, such as the commanders of the cities of Jerusalem. Daily
administration of the Order’s regional houses was governed by various officials
called bailies, and the officer in charge was called the baili.
So,
the Templar Order consisted of members in a variety of positions performing
many different functions. It even hired some assistants from outside the Order,
and, contrary to popular belief, only a minority of members were actually
full-fledged Knights.
The
loss of Acre in 1291 and the Mamluk conquest of Palestine and Syria have often
been seen as a turning-point in Templar history, for the Order was apparently
left without a specific role in a society still profoundly imbued with the idea
of its own organic unity.
Indeed,
the failure of the military orders to prevent the advance of Islam had
attracted criticism since at least the 1230s with the loss of the Christian
hold on the mainland, opponents were provided with a specific focus for their
attacks.
The
more constructive of these critics advocated a union of the Temple and the
Hospital as the first step in a thorough reassessment of their activities,
although the Orders themselves showed little enthusiasm for such schemes.
There
was, however, no suggestion that either order be abolished. In fact, the
Templars continued to pursue the holy war with some vigor from their based in
Cyprus for they did not see the events of 1291 as inevitably presaging the
decine of crusading.
The
attack on them by Philippe IV, King of France, in October 1307, ostensibly on
the grounds of “vehement suspicion” of heresy and blasphemy, therefore owes
more to the potent combination of a king afflicted by a morbid religiosity on
the one hand and an administration in severe financial trouble on the other,
than it does to any failings of the Templars. In fact, the Templars (unlike the
Hospitallers) had never previously been accused of heresy. In the end, neither
the limited intervention by Pope Clement V nor an energetic defense by some
Templars, could save the Order, which was suppressed by the papal bull Vox in
excelso in 1312. Its goods and properties were then transferred over to the
Hospitallers.
Although
the Order itself was suppressed, many of the knights fled and went underground,
or joined other Orders. Their extraordinary legacy and memory still live on
today, nearly nine centuries later.
Chronology of Some of the Key Medieval
Templar Order Events:
1118-9
Official beginnings and emergence of the Order of the Temple; nine knights, led
by Hugh de Payns, the first Templar Grand Master, present themselves to King
Baldwin II in Jerusalem
1119-28
First nine knights remain in the Holy Land
1128
By this time, the early Templars return from the Holy Land; beginning of the
Order’s unprecedented rise and influence
1129
Jan Council of Troyes; Rule of the Templar Order established
1130
Bernard of Clairvaux completes In Praise of the New Knighthood
1139
Templar Castles in the Holy Land completed Baghras, Darbask, Destroit, La
Roche, de Roussel, Port Bonnet
1149-50
Gaza granted to the Templars
1153
Death of Bernard of Clairvaux
mid-1160s
Hierarchical statutes added to the Templar Rule
late-1160s
Statutes on daily monastic life, chapter meetings, and penances added to Rule
1191
Templar headquarters in the Latin East moved to Acre
1191-2
Templars occupy Cyprus
1217-21
Building of Atlit (Pilgrims’ Castle), a major Templar fortress in the Holy Land
1257-67
Additional penances added to the Templar Rule
1291
Aug Acre falls to the Mamluks; Templars evacuate Atlit and Tortesa
1307
Oct 13 Dawn raid and arrests of the Templars in France
1307
Oct 27 Pope orders all Christian kings to arrest the Templars
1308
Templars questioned and imprisoned in various areas
1309
Aug Papal commission begins in France
1310
Templar trial procedures begin
1311
Council of Vienne; Templar Order formally dissolved by Pope’s first bull, Vox
in excelso, but charges against the order are “not proven”
1312
Pope’s second bull, Ad providam,transfers Templar property to the Hospitaller
Order
1314
Mar Last Templar Grand Master, Jacques de Molay, and Preceptor of Normandy,
Geoffroi de Charney, burned at the stake
